Weinwisser

The profound Chianti Classico Gran Selezione, made from 100 per cent Sangiovese from the small Campo ai Peri vineyard, exudes a pleasantly warm aroma of red berries, flowers, spices and liquorice. Intense fruitiness on the palate with a charming, fine texture, fresh acidity and a great balance of extract sweetness, acidity and tannin. SUPERIORE.DE

"Bright cherry flavours, floral notes, very lively on the nose. Deep wine with striking minerality, compact and structured, fresh acidity, taut tannins, underpinned by juicy fruit sweetness, has tension and a stony character, still a little restrained." Weinwisser

"Sparkling ruby colour with a slightly brightening rim. Opens with notes of blackberries and ripe plums, some liquorice and pepper. Clear on the palate with full-bodied tannins, builds for a long time, somewhat metallic on the final, dries out, still needs longer ageing." Falstaff

"Intriguing blackberry and dried flower flavours, also leather notes; the attack is full-bodied with a perfectly balanced tannin-acid structure, the finish finely chiselled with stone fruit aromas, also tobacco notes. To wild duck with polenta." Vinum

"Aromas of cherry chocolate, red plums, mild spices and hazelnuts. Medium to full-bodied, structured and velvety with crisp and delicate fruit and polished tannins. Floral and mineral on the finish." James Suckling

"The nose reveals intensely spicy aromas of old leather, balsamic and damp earth, enlivened by a hint of cherry syrup. This fruit element explodes on the palate with a cornucopia of berries, but the earthiness lingers as an undertone before a synthesising final finish. The acidity floods a valley of fine-grained tannins." Wine Enthusiast

"The Chianti Classico Gran Selezione Aluigi Campo ai Peri 2019 from Le Cinciole is an exquisite wine that is immediately seductive. More than anything, I admire its purity and delineation. Sweet pipe tobacco, cedar, mint, rose petals and dried herbs are finely chiselled in this chiselled, vibrant Gran Selezione. Le Cinciole sets the standard. What a great wine this is." Vinous

"The aromas of tarragon, jasmine and camomile slowly unfold against a background of pulverised stone. The palate is youthful and shows a sinewy substance. It blends in evenly and lands with mineral vigour. Distinct accents of bitter orange underpin the firm, chiselled tannins, and there is no lack of lively acidity." Decanter

Benanti's new red comes 100% from the Monte Serra vineyard (Contrada) and from 13-100 year old Nerello Mascalese vines. The maximum production per year is just 6,000 bottles. It delights with its lively flavour and silky texture with beautiful cassis notes, enormous energy and terrificminerality and ends with a wonderfully long finish. SUPERIORE.DE

"The wine comes from the historic vineyard around the very attractive winery. It is very complex with graphite nuances, ripe red berries, raspberry pulp, redcurrants and delicate floral notes. It is strikingly reminiscent of a Barolo with its earthy and dense character." Weinwisser

"Clear, more red than black berry nose with nutty aromas, some dried flowers, a hint of tobacco, hints of tar and tomato essence. Ripe, tart, juicy, firm, yet transparent fruit, restrained nutty flavours, some cocoa and pepper, herbal nuances, a certain acid bite and ripe, fine, quite present tannins, persistent on the palate, lots of salt, tobacco and smoky nuances, very good, firm finish." Wein-Plus

"A slightly chewy, medium-bodied red wine with notes of sun-dried cherries, rich loamy earth, grilled herbs and mocha finely interwoven with silky tannins. There are hints of tar and spice accents on the finish." Wine Spectator

"The Etna Rosso Contrada Monte Serra 2021 is dusty, floral and yet delicate. It smells of red fruits and spices with hints of rose. It flows easily over the palate, soft and round, gaining traction through a core of mineral, tart cherry and strawberry flavours. A crisp cranberry lingers along with edgy tannins and a hint of residual acidity that provides a lovely freshness. This is a beautiful interpretation of Monte Serra." Vinous

"The Benanti 2021 Etna Rosso Contrada Monte Serra (with fruit from the Viagrande side of the volcano) shows a floral and slightly more fragrant side of Nerello Mascalese. It is packed with red berries and small background details reminiscent of volcanic rock, mountain herbs and dried lavender. On the palate, the wine is straightforward and linear with very fine and dusty tannins." Wine Advocate

"Fine garnet red colour. Animating, elegant aroma of cherry and redcurrant, fresh herbs, spicy aftertaste. Strong structure on the palate, noticeable acidity and present tannins, powerful, fruity final." Falstaff

"Aromas of strawberries and cherries emerge first on the nose, but savoury notes of herbs, spices, earth and stone soon follow. The savoury elements unfold on the palate, which is built on a foundation of salty, fleshy flavours, but a citrus tone underlines the fruit of the nose, while the acidity escalates on the finish." Wine Enthusiast

"It has a nice acidity, with chocolaty red fruits in the mouth, accompanied by lots of spice, leading to a long woody, balsamic finish." Decanter

"Aromas of fresh plums, peaches and nectarines with some lemon blossom. Some caramel. Full-bodied yet unobtrusive with wonderfully finely structured tannins that spread openly across the palate. Oranges at the end with some candied lemons." James Suckling

Deep red colour. Captivating aromas of sweet cherry, crushed rock and violet. Juicy, supple and perfumed, it shows excellent vinosity in the complex, very precise flavours of plums, sour cherries and dried herbs. Fine-grained tannins and a beautiful, persistent aromatic flavour characterise the long, very pure finish. Firm tannins form the backbone of this finely modelled, chiselled Nerello Mascalese and spicy notes frame the bright, powerful finish. SUPERIORE.DE

"Deep bouquet with ripe, delicately gelled wild berries, wild cherries and redcurrants, with a hint of floral notes. There are also earthy and floral notes reminiscent of rose bush. A wonderful, elegant, concentrated wine with a clear character of origin." Weinwisser

"Aromas of cherries, oranges and flowers with a hint of smoke. Medium to full-bodied with plush, open and velvety tannins that caress the palate. It is juicy and full of flavour. Tantalising to taste even as a young wine, but it will be even better in two or three years." James Suckling

"From the most recent acquisition of the winery in the municipality of Castiglione, on the northern slope of Mount Etna, a Nerello Mascalese of great freshness and verticality. Notes of cranberry on the nose, hints of laurel, then Mediterranean scrub and nutmeg, salty and savoury on the palate, with a fruity and oily finish." Luca Gardini

Deep and impenetrable. Tor di Lupo shows opulent fruit with dried plums and prunes. It is a full-bodied and dense red wine that goes best with succulent meats such as lamb or steak. There is a hint of bitter almond on the long, generous finish. SUPERIORE.DE

"Dense, fruity bouquet with blue and black berries, including very ripe red fruit. On the palate, it has a velvety strength and texture, quite melting without appearing fat, more like an athlete dressed in velvet." Weinwisser

"Deep dark, almost black purple colour. Somewhat closed on the nose with earthy notes and hints of tar and blackberries. More accessible in the mouth with savoury fruit, dark chocolate, juicy, long and persistent on the finish." Falstaff

"Powerful, dense purple colour. Dark chocolate, elderberry juice, blackberry on the nose. Surprisingly lively acidity, keeps the tension in the mouth, plus floral notes, blue violets. The tannin is highly elegant, powerful, not at all angular. Finishes with spicy notes, especially tobacco." Vinum

"Elegant and aromatic, with notes of ripe red berries and spices that lead to black plums and sultanas on the palate." Decanter

"On the nose, it shows decadence and a deep forest character with aromas of dark berries, black mushrooms, old wood and black berries that develop into a medium body with fine layers of tannins and a concentrated finish." James Suckling

Tasca became involved in Etna early on and the latest result of these years of experience are four new single-vineyard wines from the Tascante estate: Contrada Rampante, Pianodario, Sciaranuova and Sciaranuova Vigna Vecchia (V.V.). The wines are delicate and profound, and despite their strength, acidity and firm tannins, they are very elegant, full of finesse and light on the palate. Each of the four parcels brings a slightly different style and personality to the wine - due to the altitude, soil conditions and morphology of the historic lava flows. A high annual rainfall ensures that the soil has all its water reserves, and the temperature fluctuations between day and night support the variety of flavours in the grapes and ultimately the ripening potential.

The Contrada Rampante parcel lies at an average altitude of 740 metres above sea level between Solicchiata and Passopisciaro. It covers an area of just 4.6 hectares of vineyards. The soils are of volcanic origin and up to 15,000 years old.

Etna Rosso Contrada Rampante is remarkably pretty, redolent of dusty roses and cherries accompanied by ashy stone. It soothes with its silky textures and ripe red berry fruit. The lively acidity provides a lovely energy. Fine tannins linger and emphasise the youthful structure, while it finishes powerful but fresh and wonderfully perfumed. SUPERIORE.DE

"Il Cavallino Rampante is always more expressive and vertical than the wines from other contrade. Masculine aroma with iron-like notes and dark cherries, reminds me of Pinot Noir from Aloxe-Corton. Dense, yet super juicy, very long-lasting and full of character." Weinwisser

"A rich and expressive red in a bright and graceful frame. This version offers flavours of stuffed cherries, wild herbs and graphite, underscored by tarry mineral and iron accents. Focused by tangy, cranberry-influenced acidity through to the taut, fine finish." Wine Spectator

"A delicate Etna Rosso with aromas and flavours of red cherries, orange peel and flowers. Light tannins and a crisp finish. Lively." James Suckling

"The Etna Rosso Contrada Rampante 2020 has a pale ruby red colour and exudes a bouquet of dusty rose, incense, grated sage and crushed raspberries. It's round and supple, yet light on its feet, with crisp red berry fruit and sweet spice swirling over a core of brilliant acidity. A tart cranberry crispness lingers, while a hint of citrus heightens the tension on a fine web of silky tannins. This is an understated and beautiful rendition of Rampante." Vinous

"The nose is precise and fresh, with aromas of fennel, orange peel and sour cherries, and a latent earthiness acts as a calming presence. The juicy, energetic palate brings out the sweetness of the orange and cherry flavours, with an initial burst of acidity giving way to soft tannins. A highly enjoyable wine." Wine Enthusiast

Benanti's latest white wine comes 100% from the small vineyard (Contrada) Cavaliere. The vineyards in the municipality of Santa Maria di Licodìa develop at a considerable altitude (approx. 900 metres above sea level) with favourable conditions for all indigenous varieties, both red and white berries, which are cultivated here with Guyot pruning. Here, both the Nerello and the Carricante produce wines with a well-defined structure and typical varietal flavours. The vines are around 50 years old and grow on sandy, volcanic soil that is rich in minerals. The climate is alpine, with little rainfall and provides the vines with a high degree of ventilation and very large temperature differences between day and night.

Straw yellow in colour with bright green reflections. The bouquet is intense, rich, generous and delicately fruity with hints of orange blossom and ripe apple. The palate is dry, mineral, harmonious with a pleasant acidity, aromatic pressure and an interesting aftertaste of aniseed and almonds. SUPERIORE.DE

"Warm light yellow colour; reductive, restrained; dense, finely tart in the mouth, also mineral, complete, juicy, long." (JLF) Merum

"A little more mellow and riper than the Etna Bianco with its yellow-fruity character. In the mouth with a melting character that is beautifully balanced and wonderfully cushioned by the saline acidity, which also gives the wine freshness and piquancy." Weinwisser

"Intense and vertical, full of fresh citrus and herbs, with a creamy leek note and a finish of lemon tart and pear. Delicious." Decanter

"This bright, open-knit white crackles with acidity and shows savoury notes of white pepper and grapefruit peel, as well as hints of peach skin, smoke, preserved lemon and lentils. Salty finish." Wine Spectator

"The 2022 Etna Bianco Contrada Cavaliere is youthfully shy with a delicately perfumed blend of wild flowers, white smoke and green apples with gingery notes. The wine is pure, elegant and refined, with a salty minerality on the attack and crunchy fruit that gives an equally crisp feel towards the finish. The 2022 finishes colourful and long with youthful tension, a hint of salinity and a feeling of liquid stone." Vinous

"This wine has the richness of the 2021 vintage, but is not heavy or ponderous. It shows intensity of flavour with cake crust, light caramel and dried fruit. Full-bodied, with a phenolic tension and acidity that give it its shape. Drink it now." James Suckling

With the exception of 2016 and 2019, the last eight years in the region around Montalcino have been characterised by warm and dry conditions. For this reason, Il Poggione has started to prioritise irrigation for emergencies (which is becoming more and more of a necessity in the south-west of Montalcino) and is looking for a better balance in the higher vineyards. This is not the only reason why Il Poggione is one of the top producers every year, with an extremely fair value.

Oenologist Alessandro Bindocci compares the 2019 and 2016 vintages as follows "Both Brunellos are quite classic, but the 2019 has more energy and fruit than the 2016 at the same stage."

Opens as a medium-dark appearance with a pretty Sangiovese lustre and ruby red shimmer. In the glass, the 2019 shows a wildly romantic side and a dense fruit profile. The aromatic focus is on blackberries, dried cherries, tobacco and a hint of smoked tobacco or horse saddle. On the palate, a contrasting spectacle of dark red fruits, sweet spices and salty mineral notes; all supported by a silky texture and lively acidity. As it progresses, it has a beautiful, firm grip and a stable backbone, with youthful tension and fine-grained tannins, which will give it great ageing potential. Il Poggione is a safe bet every year, and not just for us, and the 2019 edition is once again one of the best representatives of this noble appellation. SUPERIORE.DE

"Notes of blackberries and herbs, also tobacco; pithy structure, robust tannins, combines character and good length." Vinum

"Dense bouquet with ripe red and dark fruits, blueberries, wild strawberries, cassis and redcurrants. Behind this, the oak barrel ageing is also evident with a fine animal note, cedar, tobacco, chocolate, dark spices and herbs. Fleshy, dense palate with a coarse-meshed tannin network, but of the best quality. Very persistent and full-bodied on the final." Weinwisser

"Dark, youthful ruby red colour. Very closed and brooding with just a hint of fragrant raspberry, tea leaves and oak. Generous and compact on the palate. A layer of soft cherry and raspberry fruit, lined with quite powerful tannins that need more time. Carries its 15% with ease. Closes on the finish and needs more time." Jancis Robinson

"Lots of dried fruit, such as figs and dried cherries, followed by tree bark, rosemary and a hint of sandalwood. Full-bodied and creamy on the palate with a solid tannin structure. Wonderful length. Dense and opulent." James Suckling

"The Il Poggione 2019 Brunello di Montalcino shows a developed bouquet with aromas of dried fruit, forest floor, crushed flowers and autumnal foliage. A second nose reveals dark liquorice, wet slate, cola and grilled rosemary. The tannins are powdery and dry." Wine Advocate

"It offers plenty of plum, cherry, iron, tobacco and undergrowth flavours supported by a plump texture that matches the dense structure, as well as a lively acidity that keeps everything in focus. Another year of ageing should allow the finish to expand and this wine to reach its full potential." Wine Spectator

"The 2019 vintage is very balanced, somewhere between 2016, 2013 and 2010. Sant'Angelo in Colle, which suffers in warmer vintages, has done very well and Il Poggione is a great example of the harmony of the area's wines in this vintage. At first sniff it is fruity, later becoming more restrained, with black cherry, violets, leather, graphite and the typical nutty finish. The chalky tannins are extracted but velvety, emphasised by an almost piquant acidity." Decanter

"The 2019 Brunello di Montalcino draws the taster close to the glass with its dark and earthy blend of crushed ash stones giving way to rosemary, cedar, exotic spices and a core of raspberry jam. Enveloping and serene, it flows across the palate like pure silk, steadily building tension as tart wild berry and orange notes give way to a sweet herbal push. The 2019 finishes with tremendous length and is classically structured as crisp tannins linger and purple flowers slowly fade over a tactile layer of minerality. Il Poggione has captured the vibrancy of the vintage, yet it is still a baby today." Vinous

"Fresh nose, pomegranate, notes of lemongrass and ginger with citrus notes. Salty tannins on the palate, reminiscence of pomegranate and notes of ginger." Luca Gardini

In the very well-balanced 2019 vintage, the winery offers us an extremely flavoursome and juicy wine that carries the spirit of Montalcino from the first to the last sip. Fine notes of sage and mint beautifully round off the warm, ripe and extremely rich fruit bouquet. The palate prances with a fine red berry acid wire that is underpinned by a great velvety texture. On the other hand, it is a taut, precise and particularly fresh Brunello that delights us even at a young age. SUPERIORE.DE

"Dark, spicy bouquet with fully ripe fruit, blue berries, ripe cherries, leather and sweet spices. Juicy and beguiling on the palate with redcurrant and pomegranate, followed by tobacco and delicate mineral and herbal notes with balsamic nuances. Very juicy and full of finesse, full of crackling tension and yet so seductive, stylish and powerful. It scores with its subtle and refined style on the spicy final." Weinwisser

"Bright ruby-garnet colour with a brightening rim. Extremely appealing nose, fine aromas of roses, ripe dark cherries, fresh blackberries and a hint of saffron. Supple on the palate with lush fruit, but then also shows grippy, present tannins, firm pressure on the final, long finish." Falstaff

"The Brunello is made from a large number of south-facing, airy plots at an altitude of 240 to 360 metres. The exceptionally fragrant 2019 wine smells of sweet Mediterranean herbs, arbutus and raspberries. It is medium-bodied with soft, sandy tannins and captivates with its tangerine freshness. While a hint of warming alcohol shines through, it retains its graceful stature." Decanter

"Sour cherries with undertones of stone and bark in the flavours. Medium body, firm tannins and a long, linear finish that ends tightly. However, it softens with age. Subtle bark and dried mushroom character at the end." James Suckling

"Dusky cherry and plum flavors are the main themes in this red, with accents of leather, spices and wild herbs. Lively and focused, with excellent harmony and a sequel of ripe cherry on the lingering finish." Wine Spectator

"This wine is not to be confused with a Brunello. The Ciacci Piccolomini d'Aragona 2019 Brunello di Montalcino shows a beautiful continuity that unfolds in sync on the nose and palate. There are aromas of grilled watermelon, red cherry, garden herbs and violets, and there is a charred note reminiscent of toasted oak. The bouquet is very balanced, but on the palate it is much more powerful, thanks to the high alcohol content of 15% and the young tannins that hit the palate. Give this wine a few more years of bottle ageing." Wine Advocate

"A compact Brunello from Ciacci Piccolomini. The nose opens with notes of cranberry, then marjoram and a hint of eucalyptus. Juicy and taut drinkability, tasty tannins, closes with a return of small fruits and balsamic sensations." Luca Gardini

Rose petals, mint, cinnamon, dark sweet cherries and smoke rise from the glass in a translucent, wiry Brunello that is built on energy, power and opulence. Length and fruit take centre stage here and, together with a clearly defined tannin structure, Leopoldo Franceschi's team has produced a wine in a very classic vintage that will really reveal itself over the next few years. As always, it is one of our favourites, and its still outstanding value is also great fun! SUPERIORE.DE

"Densely coloured with ripe red and dark fruits, less blueberry than usual, significantly more sour cherry and red currant, wild strawberries and cassis. Behind this, cedar, tobacco, chocolate and dark spices as well as herbal flavours. Dense palate with a firm tannin structure. Very persistent and substantial on the final." Weinwisser

"A restrained blend of liquorice and graphite, bright red cherries and roasted notes. Firm tannins on the medium to full-bodied palate with refreshing acidity. Overall a plump style." James Suckling

"This red is rich and dense, woven with flavors of cherry, blackberry, plum, black pepper, earth, iron and tobacco. Combines power and grace, with fine balance. The finish echoes the fruit and spice notes." Wine Spectator

"The Il Poggione 2020 Brunello di Montalcino shows very nice results, with a better accessibility in this vintage. It has aromas of dark fruits with blackcurrant, followed by something spicy or herbal. I am reminded of liquorice root, exotic spices, pressed roses and fragrant tea leaves. The finish is supple with silky tannins and an open approach. This vintage is almost ready to drink, and you get an elegant complexity at the same time." Wine Advocate

"The 2020 Brunello di Montalcino is initially explosive, bright and powerful, evolving from cranberry to cherry with dusty sage, spiced blood orange and Tuscan dust. The wine is pure elegance, with a deep, almost velvety texture and a core of tart forest fruits that contrast with the balsamic notes and fine-grained tannins on the finish. The finish is long, textured and colourful, leaving a sense of flint and a primary fruit core that floods the palate with purple flowers and a hint of lavender. The 2020 is seamless from start to finish and, while more approachable than a typical vintage of Il Poggione, is balanced for longer aging." Vinous

"On the nose, aromas of red raspberries, red oranges and gardenia, with mentholated nuances. The flavour has salty tannins, then notes of red and floral fruits." Luca Gardini

Dark and seductive with a blend of crushed plums, brown spices, cedar and a hint of cocoa. Its textures are like pure silk bordering on velvet, with a gentle blend of ripe cherries and redcurrants, underlined by salty minerals, while notes of citrus contrast towards the end. A web of fine tannin runs through the final, creating a gentle textural pull that balances balsamic herbs and a hint of mocha as blue and violet-coloured flowers slowly fade away. SUPERIORE.DE

"Talenti once again fascinates with finesse, precision and its delicate, noble style. This is for wine lovers who are looking for something classic. A smoky, finely drawn bouquet with red berry fruit, ripe cherries, raspberries and forest fruits, balsamic freshness with herbal notes, juniper, tobacco and mineral accents show that the delicate, fresh side of the vintage was sought rather than extraction. Delicate, juicy with a fine, almost silky tannin corset that supports the wine through to the finesse-rich final, where the fine, radiant acidity provides further freshness." Weinwisser

"Bright ruby red colour, shiny. On the nose, cherry juice, wild berry candy, mint, subtle hints of cold smoke, iron, reminiscent of sealing wax and yeast on the finish. Polished on the palate with brooding, balsamic fruit, grippy tannins, balanced and with its own classic style, a finely salty finish with minty tones, accessible!" Falstaff

"This Brunello seduces with strawberries, tarragon and nutmeg. It's medium-bodied and tangy, flowing breezily over a cheerful candied pomegranate blossom. The just-ripe tannins give it a talc-like texture, and the lively acidity enlivens the finish." Decanter

"The 2020 Brunello di Montalcino shows its savoury side, with cigar smoke and cured leather leading onto dark fruits and baked blackberries. There's a hint of earthy minerality that adds focus and focus to the wine's medium-bodied finish." Wine Advocate

"A floral style in this tense Brunello, along with cherry jam in a positive, delicate way. Medium to full-bodied and firm with chalky tannins but ripe and refreshing acidity. Juicy overall, with a hint of blood orange in the aftertaste." James Suckling

"The 2020 Brunello di Montalcino is particularly dark and rich in the glass, displaying a blend of plum sauce and grilled herbs underscored by a hint of mint and cedar shavings. It displays a texture of pure silk, appearing cool and supple with a core of tart raspberry fruit enlivened by fresh acidity. The 2020 maintains fantastic balance and poise, finishing classically structured and long, but still quite fresh. It may not have the power of bigger vintages, but impresses all the more with its graceful and yielding nature." Vinous

"Also in the ‘vintage’ Brunello all the strength of the management of Riccardo Talenti, expression of the southwest quadrant of the DOCG. Aroma with cornflower, then gardenia, notes of nutmeg and wild rosemary. The mouthfeel is juicy-savory, with perfectly integrated tannins and memories of sweet spices." Luca Gardini

Since summer 2023, Chianti Classico producers have been allowed to include the eleven additional geographical indications (UGA = unità geografiche aggiuntive) introduced in 2021 on the labels of the top Gran Selezione category. For Chianti Classico winegrowers, it is a logical step to produce wines that reflect the area in which they were produced as authentically as possible. And customers can thus deepen their knowledge of the relationship between the wines and their region of origin - a real added value.

For many years, Istine has vinified a small and strictly selected part of the Sangiovese separately according to the origin of the vineyard in order to emphasise and bring out the specific characteristics of the site, the soil and the altitude. Since then, the best grapes from the estate's own vineyards Istine (Radda), Casanova dell'Aia (Radda) and Cavarchione (Gaiole) have been vinified separately, resulting in three now highly sought-after cru wines, of which just 3,000 bottles are sold in specialised shops and restaurants every year.

Vigna Casanova dell'Aia is airy, weightless and graceful in flavour. Crushed flowers, sweet red berries, mint, chalk and white pepper rise from the glass in this very beautiful, incredibly nuanced Chianti Classico. Arguably the most ethereal wine in the high-class Istine collection, flavours of red berries and cherries are flanked by a fine, almost silky tannin on the palate and lead into an elegant, flowing finish with remarkable memorable potential. SUPERIORE.DE

"From the single vineyard Casanova dell'Aia, Angela Fronti produces an elegant, dancing wine with ripe cherry fruit, fine spice and plenty of minerality, matured in large oak. Fine-grained tannins, built into a juicy melting texture, with a marvellously fresh acidity, herbaceous and tart undertones, impressively long. Shows its class despite its youthfulness." Weinwisser

"Playful bouquet of red forest fruits, flowers and spices; youthful tannins, perfectly integrated acidity, fresh and elegant through to the lingering fruity finish. Classic, long-lasting and good." Vinum

"The 2021 Chianti Classico Gran Selezione Vigna Casanova dell'Aia is a perfect example of Radda. Sage, mint, white pepper, crushed stones, mint and dried herbs give the 2021 its intense floral, spicy and mineral style. The harvestwill find a Gran Selezione endowed with plenty of tension and pure mineral drive. It has really evolved since I tasted it last year." Vinous

Brilliant, dark ruby colour. Deep bouquet of rich blackberry and cherry flavours with mentholated herbal notes that give it lift, while notes of cedar and clove develop in the glass. On the palate, the wine is a pure silk that slowly lays over the palate, with an admirable density and weight balanced by bright acidity and minerality. This still very young wine is full of potential with a core of dark primary fruit that already offers a good foretaste of the charm of later years. A finely woven tannin structure on the long final. Wonderful ageing potential. SUPERIORE.DE

"Very beautiful, floral bouquet with delicate candied, ripe cherries, lilacs and rose petals. Powerful, juicy in the mouth, spicy-floral frame with rather red berry freshness, beautiful spice and herbal notes, good tension with quite supple, fine-grained tannins." Weinwisser

"Bright ruby red with garnet reflections. Elegant bouquet of sweet cherries, undergrowth, fresh mushrooms, plus some tobacco and saddle leather. Incredibly soft on entry with young but fine tannins, precise fruit, long." Falstaff

"Medium to deep ruby red with orange-coloured reflections. Attractive, firm cherry fruit nose with balsamic, minty oak notes. Lots of supple, tangy cherry with grippy but polished tannins. A seductive whole that can be savoured now but also lasts a long time." Jancis Robinson

"Compact and exciting young red colour with lots of dark fruit and violets as well as subtle spicy and roasted undertones. Creamy and rich on the palate with balanced acidity. Persistent length with flavours of dried herbs on the finish. Needs more time to mellow." James Suckling

"The 2019 Brunello di Montalcino is wild, opening with a savoury burst of spiced orange and clove before settling on black cherry and ashen rock. It feels creamy and seductive, with a wave of rich red fruit flowing easily across the palate, guided by juicy acidity. Tension builds on the finish as salty minerals mingle with edgy tannins, leaving a pleasantly bitter sensation and leaving the mouth wanting more. Although some patience will be required, I expect the 2019 to exceed expectations after only a few years of cellaring." Vinous

"The La Gerla 2019 Brunello di Montalcino has spicy, dried fruit with blackcurrant, pine cones, juniper berries and a hint of medicinal herbs or camphor ash. The oak is clearly evident in the form of fireflies or crushed cloves. On the palate, this Brunello is rather streamlined, and although the tannins are still slightly chalky, they are now almost accessible." Wine Advocate

"One of the company's gems, a Brunello of rare reliability. On the nose, notes of red mulberry, then eucalyptus and cinnamon, with hints of gardenia. The sip is savoury, with a return of balsamic sensations and red mulberry. Closes with floral notes." Luca Gardini

Bright, intense ruby-garnet colour. Multi-layered aromas of sweet red fruits meld into rose petals, liquorice, spices and mint. Firm and polished on the palate, floral notes provide vibrancy, finely woven tannins and balanced acidity provide structure and stability, beautifully articulated and juicy on the finish. SUPERIORE.DE

"A classic, with a seductive bouquet of berries and blossoms; a beautiful finish, invigorating acidity, the perfect blend of elegant juiciness and pithy substance that should definitely be enjoyed with food." Vinum

"The aroma already shows a lot of intensity with ripe cherries and plums, plus a bouquet of floral notes, violets, lavender, but also "powerful" notes such as iron, blood and cedar wood. Very dense on the palate, with present, still slightly restraining but mature tannins, sweet berry fruits, shows, as so often, origin and character with a lot of Sangiovese spice. Bravo!" Weinwisser

"Quite firm, moderately woody-spicy, slightly dried-vegetable aroma of mixed berries and a little cherry with a hint of leather, dried meat, tobacco and some black olives. Ripe, youthful, firm, juicy fruit, present, ripe, crumbly-sandy tannins and a delicate bite, light tobacco and pencil wood notes in the background, a hint of iced confectionery, roasted nuances and coffee, good substance and persistence, a certain depth, salt in the background, relatively accessible at first, but closes up a little with air, very good, juicy and spicy finish." Wein-Plus

"Brilliant ruby colour with a fine garnet sheen. Compact nose with notes of dark cherry, raspberry and tobacco, some beetroot in the background. Polished and finely meshed tannin structure, dark berry fruit, shows increasing pressure on the final, a highly elegant Brunello." Falstaff

"The Brunello di Montalcino 2018 Vigna La Casa was born in a beautiful vineyard with long vistas and warm sunsets. You can definitely taste the sweet spice and cinnamon from the barrel ageing, but the wine also presents a good amount of dark fruits and plums. It finishes with soft tannins and even a hint of oaky sweetness that emphasises its accessibility." Wine Advocate

"The Brunello di Montalcino Vigna La Casa 2018 emerges from the glass with a beguiling blend of exotic spices, balsamic herbs, crushed ash stones and dried black cherries. It washes over the palate with a silky wave of ripe dark fruit, complemented by notes of liquorice and cocoa. Fine-grained tannins frame the finish, while residual acids keep the mouth watering and the plum notes fade under a hint of purple flowers. This is a radiant rendition of La Casa, a vineyard located on the crest of the Montosoli hill, opposite the town of Montalcino." Vinous

"The nose features floral aromas of roses, pomegranates, cherries and oranges, along with fresh undertones of soil and graphite. On the palate, the fruit sweetens, before a warm, spicy finish. Refined tannins create a silky, sensuous mouthfeel." Wine Enthusiast

"The other great classic from Montosoli cru, which this year celebrates its 40th anniversary since it was first marketed. Redcurrants on the nose, a hint of wild sage and liquorice. It is dense and very persistent on the palate." Luca Gardini

"Leads with graphite and oak spice aromas, with flavours of plum, black cherry, eucalyptus and tobacco lurking underneath. Dense, with firm but polished tannins and guided by a lively acidity, it finishes with a long, complex aftertaste." Wine Spectator

"Lots of blue and sweet berry fruit with heady rose and floral notes on the nose, plus hot chocolate, sandalwood, toffee and nutmeg. It is full-bodied with ripe, muscular tannins that are superbly integrated. Powerful, but with a transparency and clarity that lends it beauty. Long, graceful finish. Better from 2024." James Suckling

Located in the south of Montalcino, Ciacci Piccolomini's sprawling estate is characterised by warm, fragrant afternoon breezes from the Mediterranean. The wines are typically very fragrant and have a higher alcohol content, but also plenty of freshness and focus. In the aromas we find sun-kissed cherries and raspberries, red roses, tobacco, sage and thyme. Light-footed on the palate with grainy tannins that dissolve easily, this wine is already very accessible. It is literally fuelled by the golden light that falls on this part of Tuscany in the last hours of the day. A wine full of personality and identity. SUPERIORE.DE

"Dark, spicy bouquet framed by cedar spice and balsamic notes with fully ripe fruit, blue berries, ripe cherries, leather and sweet spices. Juicy and incredibly beguiling on the palate with red sour cherry, pomegranate and redcurrant as well as chocolate, followed by delicate mineral and herbal notes with balsamic nuances. Very juicy and full of finesse, balanced and yet so seductive, stylishly modern Brunello with super ripe tannins. It scores with its refined and balanced style on the spicy final." Weinwisser

"The 2020 Brunello di Montalcino is not to be missed, with a burst of crushed plums and black cherries underscored by sweet herbs, a hint of tobacco and wilted violets. It is round and supple, with dark red fruits, autumnal spices running through it and a hint of cocoa embellishing the finish. Despite its depth and concentration, the 2020 retains its energy while being wonderfully refined, with fine-grained tannins that resonate under a hint of lavender and mocha." Vinous

"The Ciacci Piccolomini d'Aragona 2020 Brunello di Montalcino is a grippy, full-bodied wine with flavours of black fruit, crushed stone, grilled rosemary and lavender. The wine shows a fleshy and ripe texture with chewy fruit flavours in this hot vintage." Wine Advocate

"Elegant and very well balanced. Nose with corniolo sensations, then caper fruits, black pepper in grains and hints of eucalyptus. Juicy and taut mouthfeel, with sapid tannins. It closes with memories of small fruits and balsamic sensations, accompanied by iodine memories." Luca Gardini

"A broodingwine with vibrancy and complexity, exuding restrained cherries and raspberries as well as hints of ash and fresh orange peel. Foliage and fleshy minerality add an extra dimension. The attack is lush and ripe, with full body, velvety tannins, refreshing acidity and violet-soaked cherries on the finish. Real precision here." James Suckling

In the past, the northern slope of Montalcino was not planted with vines, but was cultivated with cereals, olives and cherries. In this area influenced by the Apennines, the seasons are more pronounced, continental and the north wind significantly lowers the temperature in winter. It is therefore the coldest Brunello region at this time of year, but also the wettest. This northern slope is a gentle hill: a characteristic that is more reminiscent of the Crete Senesi area, right next door, than the two stiffer, steeper and warmer southern slopes of Montalcino.

Due to the climate and the origin of the soil, the grapes in this area of Montalcino are harvested last every year. Vigna del Lago is the vineyard that welcomes all visitors travelling from the north of Montalcino. It takes its name from the lake that surrounds it and which plays a fundamental role in the microclimate of the area; the soil is a constant alternation between clay and strips of very fine Galestro.

Brunello Vigna del Lago is a historic cru from the Val di Suga winery, it is an old-school Brunello, from the times before the arrival of barriques and technology. An authentic product that is enjoying increasing demand. Unlike the Poggio al Granchio, which is aged in new Liters French barriques, this wine matures in large 30- and 50-hectolitre Slavonian oak barrels.

It is a wine with a low alcohol content, light orange-ruby colour, with very fine and almost imperceptible tannins, with a floral nose of citrus notes, myrtle and fresh cherries. It is a Brunello of great richness and balance and also has a very pleasant lightness, well-contoured acidity and a salty, mineral finish. SUPERIORE.DE

"Cosy bouquet of flowers, herbs and black forest fruits; the attack is balanced, harmonious, with juice and suppleness right into the complex finish. convinces with its polish." Vinum

"A fragrant Brunello that convinces with small red and dark fruits and increasingly reveals floral notes with air. Amarena cherry, leather. On the palate, a fine melting style, polished, juicy, elegant, red berry spice and plum. Beautiful drinking flow that is already fun. It still has room for improvement." Weinwisser

"Almost a little developed, barrel-woody and tobacco-like aroma of predominantly black berries, some tar, ash, iodine and forest floor. Clear, straightforward, ripe, almost cool, predominantly red fruit, quite present, fine tannins, a certain acid bite, persistent on the palate, herbal and salty nuances, moderate barrel tones, again a little forest messenger, resinous traces, good depth, restrained power, elegant style, multi-layered, gains transparency and freshness with air, very good to long, firm, tart-juicy finish with fine spice." Wein-Plus

"Bright ruby red colour, radiant. Appealing, open nose of leather, rosehips, blood oranges, with fine precious wood and dark berry notes on the finish. Grippy, firm tannins on the palate, with plenty of juice and finesse" Falstaff

"Brilliant medium ruby red with orange-coloured reflections. Balsamic and with just a hint of sour cherry and a touch of spice, and with brooding concentration. A sense of richness on the palate with plenty of cherry fruit framed by delicious, chewy tannins. Lots of depth. Ripe now, but with the potential to age further." Jancis Robinson

"The Vigna del Lago surrounds the Val di Suga winery in the north-west of Montalcino. The gently sloping vineyard lies on clay soil at 280 metres above sea level. The wine is aged exclusively in large Slavonian oak barrels with a capacity of 30 to 40 hectolitres in order to preserve the wonderful purity of the sweet fruit. The 2018 is subtly perfumed and exudes delicate aromas of white flowers and oranges that emphasise the scent of red berries. Light and lively, it is initially more reminiscent of a Rosso di Montalcino, but a powdery texture and its persistent mineral core add complexity." Decanter

"Smooth and juicy, with flavours of cherry, plum, sage and leather. Light and lively, with fine tannins on the finish. Shows excellent balance and length." Wine Spectator

"The 2018 Brunello di Montalcino Vigna del Lago is perfumed, with crushed blackberries and plums accompanied by minty herbs and a hint of smoke. It is silky-smooth yet racy in style, with masses of tart wild berries accompanied by vibrant acidity. Violet and lavender tones resonate, while the Vigna del Lago finishes structured and slightly chewy with silty tannins and a hint of bitter cocoa that lingers." Vinous

"The nose blends the adventurous aromas of leather, stone and coffee with lighter notes of vanilla, cherries and bitter orange peel. On the palate, a current of blood orange bolsters the cherry element, while the vanilla sweetness pushes back against a swelling bitter undertone. Taut tannins march into a warm finish." Wine Enthusiast

The mineral Archineri made from the ancient Carricante grape from vines at an altitude of around 900 metres is quite exquisite. With great clarity and freshness, it displays its typical flavour profile of crushed rock, apple, banana, peach and citrus fruit. Fascinatingly dense on the palate with a velvety texture, a hint of chalk and a long, complex mineral finish. Pre-Phylloxera = from old, ungrafted vines! SUPERIORE.DE

"Fresh, engaging aromas of apple, pear, light-coloured stone fruit and flowers. Very juicy on the palate, wonderfully balanced with good freshness, a silky texture and a savoury final. The white Archineri already delivers consistently high quality for the price." Weinwisser

"Medium bright straw yellow with light reflections. Fine aromas of vineyard peach, mint, salted lemon and a hint of nutmeg on the nose. Very fresh and salty on the palate, straightforward and with a long final of citrus zest and fine minerality." Falstaff

"This is an intense and flavoursome white wine with a hint of saltiness combined with pineapple fruit, a hint of herbs and a lovely juiciness." Decanter

"A honeyed white backed by a steely spine of acidity, this is long and fragrant, with almond blossom and chamomile notes accenting flavors of poached pear and white strawberry fruit, blood orange peel and petrol, plus hints of white pepper and sage." Wine Spectator

"The 2022 Etna Bianco Archineri smells of a savoury blend of dusty dried flowers, shaved ginger and lime zest. It is round and supple, with a lovely inner sweetness and ripe orchard fruit balanced by a core of palpable minerals. The lively acidity makes for a pleasant final with medium length that leaves a hint of candied citrus and fresh mint." Vinous

"The nose is strongly characterised by citrus and stone fruit, but a subtle floral aroma adds elegance. The palate also begins citrus-driven before deeper, richer flavours of nuts, honey and herbs emerge. The salty finish brings a pleasant, unifying coolness." Wine Enthusiast

"Very pure and mineral nose, giving a stony, precise feel, almost as if you were sniffing in a quarry. Also some smoked tarragon and lemon peel. Impressive tension on the mid-palate with stimulating acidity and minerality. Pure and long. Delicious." James Suckling

Contrada Rampante with a finely woven bouquet of dark red cherries, flowers, mint and liquorice. Fresh and lively on the palate, with a memorable blend of ethereal sweetness, delicate acidity and an interesting salty note. A contemplative wine that requires a certain amount of experience and patience in order to fully discover itself and its deliciousness. Pre-Phylloxera = from ungrafted vines! SUPERIORE.DE

"The Contrada Rampante near Solicchiata generally produces wines that are rather poor in minerals. This is partly due to the altitude of around 750 to 800 metres above sea level, but also to the special composition of the soil. The wine is lean and taut, almost "austere", the mineral spiciness and the upright tannin structure initially support the impression of a certain austerity, which here, however, thanks to its maturity, is even reminiscent of a top Brunello thanks to its melting texture and fine Amarena fruit." Weinwisser

"The Pietradolce 2019 Etna Rosso Contrada Rampante has an almost sweet bouquet with fragrant roses, candied almonds and wild berries. The wine is lean and taut in texture and finishes with fine tannins and subtle mineral nuances. The vines are planted at 850 metres above sea level and in this case, too, they are old plants from before the phylloxera plague. Only 4,000 bottles were released." Wine Advocate

"Dark and brooding, the 2019 Etna Rosso Rampante evolves slowly, with crushed ash stone and savoury grilled herbs balancing the dried black cherries. It's silky and refined, with a polished wave of ripe red and black fruit carried by vibrant acidity. A hint of sour citrus adds a pleasing punctuation towards the finish. Although the 2019 is only slightly tannic, it finishes with a youthful tension. A hint of primary concentration and a bitter hint of blackberry linger throughout. The power of the Rampante is on full display here, but you need patience to savour it." Vinous

"Full of aromas of ripe wild strawberries and black cherries. The palate is muscular, but with a beautifully taut and mineral centre, fresh and energetic, with ripe blueberries and a hint of chocolate on the long finish." Decanter

The red Archineri from Nerello Mascalese grapes is full of character and elegance. A very refined bouquet of redcurrants and wild berries, with a hint of dog rose, stone fruit and ethereal aromas. Very exquisite, very juicy, flavoursome and long. SUPERIORE.DE

"A herbaceous, spicy bouquet with Mediterranean culinary herbs such as sage and oregano, followed by floral accents of rose petals and peonies. On the palate, it is compact and almost sparse with a linear structure, which is reinforced by the earthy-mineral character and the supporting tannins, with the typical salty smokiness and fine red fruit on the juicy final." Weinwisser

"Bright ruby red with a brightening rim. Somewhat closed on the nose, delicate flint with red berry fruit. Barren and stony on the palate, shows a fine saltiness, very young, yet harmonious and balanced, constantly juicy on the final, beautiful length." Falstaff

"This shows fine interplay between its dried cherry and strawberry flavors, with savory notes of fresh earth, mountain herbs, iron and smoked paprika. Lively, focused and finely knit, with a creamy edge to the structured tannins that buoys the overall integration and length." Wine Spectator

"A floral, herbaceous bouquet with notes of sage, oregano, tomatoes, roses and peonies. On the palate, a dash of balsamic vinegar and a pinch of pepper add further nuances to the waltz of savoury herbs and flowers. The tannins emphasise the earthiness, while the acidity introduces a fruity element that is both sweet and tart." Wine Enthusiast

"An evolutionary nose of dried roses, figs and baked plums leads to a palate with lively acidity and a hint of rosewater. Exotic, bazaar-like flavours, rich exotic fruit minerality and charming floral fruitiness. Delicate smoke, round texture, fine tannins, juicy bitter cherry finish. Slightly tart." Decanter

"Ripe, spicy nose for an Etna Rosso with lots of orange peel, white pepper, cloves and mandarins. Also some stones and sage. Firm and full-bodied with a mineral texture that lightly coats the palate. Broad-shouldered tannins with a long, mineral finish." James Suckling

"The 2020 Etna Rosso Archineri is earthy, dark and brooding, with a youthfully backward bouquet of ashen stones, grilled herbs and dried berries. It is silky smooth, with ripe wild berries accompanied by a hint of blood orange. A salty core of minerality saturates towards the end. This leaves a lingering tension on the palate. The lively acidity tantalises the senses and the fine tannins penetrate deeply, leading to a dramatically long, structured and intense final." Vinous

The Paesaggio Inatteso selection comes from Camigliano's 3.5-hectare "La Magia" vineyard, which has mineral and calcareous soils. Only just under 3,000 bottles are bottled. It offers a more robust style and a stronger aromatic intensity than the Annata. Bright red with an amber-coloured rim. On the nose, round notes of walnut shells, roasted hazelnuts and linseed, as well as red plums, pomegranate seeds and green olives. Traces of incense and cardamom in the background. Full-bodied, lively tannins on the palate, with hints of red berries and flowers leading to an intense and long finish. SUPERIORE.DE

"Medium-intense red; inviting fruit and gum notes; round, sweetness, depth of fruit, lots of good tannin, long, very nice." (JLF) Merum

"Nose of blackberries and tobacco; the attack is pithy, the tannins powerful, has race and polish." Vinum

"Attractive bouquet with wonderfully crisp red berry fruit, raspberry, fragolino, tobacco. Juicy in the mouth, clearly red-fruity, fine tannins, good freshness, crisp, fresh style, fine tannic grip, elegant and powerful, long, fresh, mineral final." Weinwisser

"Clear, bright ruby red colour. Mint, blackberry and juicy cherry on the nose, with a hint of candle wax, reminiscent of fresh honey, complex and inviting. Compact on the palate, with tightly woven tannins and fine pressure, constantly juicy again, also slightly salty hints, great harmony." Falstaff

"The organic Camigliano 2019 Brunello di Montalcino Paesaggio Inatteso shows plenty of ripe fruit with dark plums, prunes and blackcurrants. It also shows notes of smoked tobacco and cigar box. The difference between this wine and the village bottling is that the Paesaggio Inatteso matures a little longer in oak (30 months instead of 24 months) and the oak barrels are smaller (25 hectolitres instead of 60 hectolitres). A medium-heavy mouthfeel ends with still dusty tannins." Wine Advocate

"This version has it all, from the cherry, plum, earth and iron aromas and flavours to the well-integrated structure and long aftertaste. Fresh, supple and powerful, it shows finesse with a lingering mineral element on the finish." Wine Spectator

"Vibrant and vibrant red fruits of cranberry, red cherry and potpourri, followed by dried rosemary and pleasant orange peel that enhance the experience. Medium-bodied with refreshing acidity and firm but soft tannins. Pure and elegant. Needs time." James Suckling

Produced in small quantities, Vallocchio clearly stands out from pure Brunello di Montalcino. Darker, deeper and more mystical, it shows notes of ripe blackberries and plums, complemented by exotic brown spices and a hint of lemon confit. Its texture is like velvet stretching across the palate, black-fruited and ripe, underpinned by minerals and cooling herbal notes. It is youthfully monolithic and dense, revealing its austere tannin core only towards the end, where notes of black tea, liquorice and a hint of cocoa emerge. SUPERIORE.DE

"Ripe, intense, mineral-spicy bouquet with dark cherries, redcurrants, cassis and rose bushes. Juicy, elegant palate with fine-grained tannins, very intense, powerful and engaging on the palate, combining the ripeness with the freshness of the vintage." Weinwisser

"Aromas of raspberries and herbs are pleasing on the nose, the wood is well integrated; compact texture, robust tannins, lively acidity, pleasantly fruity finish." Vinum

"Transparent, firm and quite deep nose with noble red and black berry aromas, some tomato, slightly smoky barrel notes, bacon and dried Mediterranean herbs. Ripe, juicy, dense fruit, still relatively present, somewhat bitter chocolate, smoky and roasted wood spice, youthful, present, yet fine and ripe tannin, a little Mediterranean herbs on the palate, dark ethereal spice, lots of power, but also cooling elements, some coffee grounds in the background, good depth, very good, firm finish with dark juice and spice. Needs to mature." Wein-Plus

"Bright ruby garnet colour. Initially restrained on the nose, opens up to pepper, dried kitchen herbs and wild berries, with plum in the background. Inviting on the palate, rich, juicy cherry fruit, savoury, still young in the mid-palate, nicely salty on the final." Falstaff

"Grown in the south-east of Montalcino, this wine is customarily ripe and powerful, but balances its components - a powerful body, generous alcohol and a rich structure. Noticeable oak nuances of sweet spice and vanilla are at the forefront, but a foundation of pure cherry and dark plum simmers at the core." Decanter

"Well marked by new oak, this version adds a vanilla note and a layer of tannins to its cherry, floral and iron flavours, all supported by a solid structure. In the end, it finds a nice balance and a sense of elegance." Wine Spectator

"The Brunello di Montalcino Vallocchio 2019 is spicy and earthy in the glass, with a beguiling mix of ash stones, undergrowth and a hint of animal musk opening the stage and giving way to mentholated black cherries. It feels velvety and almost creamy on the palate, with a rich blend of ripe red and black fruits emphasised by salty minerals. Grippy tannins are added towards the end. The 2019 finishes structured and impressively long, with a hint of pine shavings and a bitter tang that lingers on and on. It should be stored in the cellar." Vinous

"Flavours of crushed berries and flowers with some bark and mushrooms. Medium to full body with medium, round tannins and fresh acidity. Nice balance and finesse." James Suckling

"The Fanti 2019 Brunello di Montalcino Vallocchio shows a pronounced savoury side with tobacco leaf, roasted chestnut shells, dark plums, honeycomb or honey roasted almonds. The tannins are dissolved, almost silky, and there is plenty of concentrated fruit to develop the rich texture. The alcohol content is 15%, but is well integrated into the dark fruitiness of the wine." Wine Advocate

"A selection from the five most historic vineyards, a mosaic of excellence. Black cherry on the nose, with hints of chinotto and lemon thyme. The mouthfeel is reminiscent of citrus fruits and black cherry, a hint of roasted nuts and ends with official notes." Luca Gardini